Caution, poisonous mushrooms: a selection of known species

What is the most important thing for a mushroom picker who goes to the forest to "quietly hunt"? No, not a basket at all (although it will also be needed), but knowledge, especially in relation to which mushrooms are poisonous and which you can safely put in the basket. Without them, an outing for a forest treat can smoothly turn into an urgent trip to the hospital. In some cases, it will turn into the last walk in life. In order to avoid disastrous consequences, we bring to your attention a brief information about dangerous mushrooms, which must not be cut off in any case. Take a closer look at the photographs and remember forever how they look. So let's get started.

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The most dangerous mushroom is the pale toadstool

Among poisonous mushrooms, the first place in terms of toxicity and frequency of fatal poisoning is the pale grebe. Its poison is resistant to heat treatment, moreover, it has belated symptoms. Having tasted the mushrooms, the first day you can feel like a completely healthy person, but this effect is deceiving. While it takes precious time to save lives, the toxins are already doing their dirty work, destroying the liver and kidneys. From the second day, symptoms of poisoning are manifested by headache and muscle pain, vomiting, but time is lost. In most cases, death occurs.

Even just for a moment touching the edible mushrooms in the basket, the poison of the toadstool is instantly absorbed into their caps and legs and turns the harmless gifts of nature into a deadly weapon.

A toadstool grows in deciduous forests and in appearance (at a young age) slightly resembles champignons or greenfinches, depending on the color of the cap. The cap can be flat with a slight bulge or egg-shaped, with smooth edges and ingrown fibers. The color varies from white to greenish-olive, the plates under the cap are also white. The elongated leg at the base expands and is "chained" in the remains of a film-bag, which hid a young mushroom underneath, and has a white ring on top.

When a toadstool is broken, the white flesh does not darken and retains its color.

Such different fly agarics

Even children know about the dangerous properties of the fly agaric. In all tales, it is described as a deadly ingredient for making a poisonous potion. Everything is so simple: the red-headed mushroom with white spots, as everyone saw it in the illustrations in the books, is not at all a single specimen. Besides him, there are other varieties of fly agaric that differ from each other. Some of them are very edible. For example, caesar mushroom, ovoid and blushing fly agaric. Of course, most species are still inedible. And some are life-threatening and it is strictly forbidden to include them in the diet.

The name "fly agaric" is composed of two words: "flies" and "pestilence", that is, death. And without explanation, it is clear that the mushroom kills flies, namely its juice, which is released from the cap after sprinkling it with sugar.

The deadly poisonous fly agaric species that pose the greatest danger to humans include:

1. Poisonous (red). Grows in forests under birches and spruces. The ball-shaped cap is most often bright red, although there are also orange varieties. A rich scattering of large outgrowths is visible over the entire surface, however, they are weak to hold and are washed off after rain.Dense white pulp, with a barely perceptible mushroom aroma. The white leg is high, strong and powerful, with remnants of the cap in the form of flakes (also white).
2. Panther (leopard). It lives among the pines, with a characteristic brownish spotted hat with white outgrowths. The pulp is white, watery, smells like fresh radish. The leg is cream-colored, double-ringed in the lower part, the walls are rather thick, but inside they have a hollow space.
3. White smelly (often called mushroom pickers white toadstool). It grows among the hills in deciduous-coniferous forests, it is distinguished by a specific white color of the entire mushroom body and a pungent smell of bleach, for which it is named. The surface of the cap is most often shiny, but sometimes large white flakes are visible on it. The long stem is almost always curved, with a tuberous base.
4. Bright yellow (lemon). It grows mainly on sandy soil. Wearer of a yellow hat with a smooth skin, sometimes rare white flakes are visible on it. The light leg is squat and fragile, with a thick ring below.

Small but deadly ragged mushroom

The poisonous mushroom got its name for its peculiar structure: often its cap, the surface of which is covered with silky fibers, is also decorated with longitudinal cracks, and the edges are torn. In the literature, the mushroom is better known as fibrillus and has a modest size. The height of the leg is slightly more than 1 cm, and the diameter of the hat with a protruding tubercle in the center is a maximum of 8 cm, but this does not prevent it from remaining one of the most dangerous.

The concentration of muscarine in the fiber pulp exceeds the red fly agaric, while the effect is noticeable after half an hour, and within a day all the symptoms of poisoning with this toxin disappear.

Beautiful, but "shitty mushroom"

This is exactly the case when the title matches the content. It is not for nothing that a false valui mushroom or a horseradish mushroom was dubbed by the people with such an indecent word - not only is it poisonous, but also the pulp is bitter, but the smell is simply disgusting and not at all mushroom. But on the other hand, it is thanks to its "aroma" that it will not work to get into the trust of a mushroom picker under the guise of a russula, to which Valui is very similar.

The scientific name of the fungus sounds like "sticky hebeloma".

False valui grows everywhere, but most often it can be seen at the end of summer on the light edges of coniferous and deciduous forests, under an oak, birch or aspen. The cap of a young mushroom is creamy white, convex, with edges tucked down. With age, its center bends inward and darkens to a yellow-brown color, while the edges remain light. The skin on the cap is beautiful and smooth, but sticky. The bottom of the cap consists of adherent plates of gray-white color in young Valuev, and dirty yellow in older specimens. The dense bitter flesh has a corresponding color. The leg of the false valuy is quite high, about 9 cm. At the base it is wide, then tapers upwards, covered with a white bloom, similar to flour.

A characteristic feature of the "horseradish mushroom" is the presence of black blotches on the plates.

Poisonous twin of summer honey agarics: sulfur-yellow honey agaric

Everyone knows that honey mushrooms grow on stumps in friendly flocks, however, there is such a "relative" among them, which outwardly practically does not differ from tasty mushrooms, but causes severe poisoning. This is a false sulfur-yellow mushroom. Poisonous twins live in small groups on the remains of tree species almost everywhere, both in forests and in glades between fields.

The mushrooms have small caps (maximum 7 cm in diameter), gray-yellow in color, with a darker, reddish center. The pulp is light, bitter and smells bad. The plates under the cap are firmly adhered to the stem, they are dark in the old mushroom. The light leg is long, up to 10 cm, and even, consists of fibers.

It is possible to distinguish between "good" and "bad mushrooms" by the following features:

• the edible mushroom has scales on the cap and leg, but the false mushroom does not have them;
• The "good" mushroom is dressed in a skirt with a leg, the "bad" one does not.

Satanic mushroom disguised as boletus

The massive leg and dense flesh of the satanic mushroom make it look like porcini, however, eating such a handsome man is fraught with severe poisoning. Boletus satanic, as this species is also called, tastes pretty good: neither the smell nor the bitterness characteristic of poisonous mushrooms.

Some scientists even attribute it to conditionally edible mushrooms, if it is subjected to prolonged soaking and prolonged heat treatment. But no one is taken to say exactly how many toxins boiled mushrooms of this type contain, so it is better not to risk your health.

Outwardly, the satanic mushroom is quite beautiful: the off-white fleshy cap, with a spongy yellow bottom, which turns red over time. The shape of the leg is similar to that of a real edible boletus, just as massive, in the shape of a barrel. Under the cap, the leg becomes thinner and turns yellow, the rest is orange-red. The flesh is very dense, white, pinkish only at the very base of the leg. Young mushrooms smell nice, but old specimens give off a disgusting smell of spoiled vegetables.

You can distinguish between a satanic ache from edible mushrooms by cutting the pulp: upon contact with air, it first acquires a red tint, and then turns blue.

Pigs - mushrooms that look like milk mushrooms

Disputes about the edibility of pigs were stopped in the early 90s, when all types of these mushrooms were officially recognized as dangerous to human life and health. Some mushroom pickers to this day continue to collect them for food, but this should never be done, since pig toxins can accumulate in the body and symptoms of poisoning do not appear immediately.

Outwardly, poisonous mushrooms are similar to milk mushrooms: they are small, with squat legs and a fleshy round head of a dirty yellow or gray-brown color. The center of the hat is deeply concave inward, the edges are wavy. The fruit body is yellowish in section, but darkens quickly from the air. Pigs grow in groups in forests and plantings, they especially love trees felled by the wind, located among their rhizomes.

There are more than 30 varieties of pork ear, as mushrooms are also called. All of them contain lectins and can cause poisoning, but the thin pig is recognized as the most dangerous. The cap of a young poisonous mushroom is smooth, dirty olive, and becomes rusty over time. The short stem is in the shape of a cylinder. When the mushroom body is broken, a clear smell of rotting wood is heard.

Such pigs are no less dangerous:

1. Olkhovaya. The cap is brownish-yellow with small scales, the edges are slightly pubescent, the funnel is small. The leg is short, tapering downward.
2. Thick. The velvet brown cap is quite large and looks like a tongue. The leg is slightly fleecy, almost always attached off the center, but closer to the edge of the hat. The pulp is watery, odorless.
3. Ear-shaped. The small leg merges with a hard cap in the form of a fan of dark yellow with a brown tint. Grows on coniferous stumps and logs.

Poisonous umbrellas

Along roads and roadsides, slender mushrooms grow in abundance on high thin legs with flat, wide-open caps resembling an umbrella. They are called umbrellas. The cap, in fact, as the fungus grows, opens and becomes wider. Most varieties of umbrella mushrooms are edible and very tasty, but there are also poisonous specimens among them.

The most dangerous and common poisonous mushrooms are the following umbrellas:

1. Comb. The reddish flat cap of the adult mushroom has a slight bulge in the center. The entire surface is covered with rare orange scallop-like scales, and there is a light fringe along the edge. The leg is hollow, thin, yellowish, ringed in young mushrooms, but the ring breaks quickly.
2. Chestnut. It is distinguished by a darker, almost brown, color of the cap and a large number of pronounced scales, also of a dark color.The long leg with reddish flesh has a similar color.

Poisonous rows

Ryadovka mushrooms have many varieties. Among them there are both edible and very tasty mushrooms, and frankly tasteless and inedible species. And there are also very dangerous poisonous rows. Some of them resemble their "harmless" congeners, which easily mislead inexperienced mushroom pickers. Before going into the forest, you should look for a person as a partner. He should know all the intricacies of the mushroom business and be able to distinguish "bad" rows from "good" ones.

The second name of the ryadovok is talkers.

Among the poisonous talkers, the following rows are considered to be one of the most dangerous, capable of causing death:

1. Whitish (aka discolored). In terms of the content of toxins, it is ahead of poisonous fly agaric, in particular, red. Grows on lawns. Young mushrooms have a slightly convex white cap. Over time, it levels out, and in old rows it turns in the opposite direction. The low, thin stem and fibrous pulp are colored white, which does not darken after cutting.
2. Tiger (aka leopard). It grows on calcareous soils among conifers and deciduous species. The gray cap is bent downward; over the entire surface there is abundant, darker scales. The plates under the hat are also thick and white. The leg is slightly lighter, monochromatic, without flakes, narrowed at the bottom. The pulp is dense, slightly yellowish, gives off a flour smell.
3. Pointed (aka mouse or burning-sharp). Grows in coniferous forests, is distinguished by the presence of a characteristic sharp top and a shiny gray skin on the cap. The leg is long, white, with a yellow tint emerging at the root (rarely pink). The fruit body is white, odorless, but with a very pungent taste. No need to try!

Gall mushroom: inedible or poisonous?

Most scientists classify the gall fungus as inedible, since even forest insects do not dare to taste its bitter pulp. However, another group of researchers is convinced that this mushroom is poisonous. In the case of eating dense pulp, death does not occur. But the toxins contained in it in large quantities cause colossal harm to the internal organs, in particular the liver.

People call the mushroom gorchak for its peculiar taste.

The dimensions of the poisonous mushroom are not small: the diameter of the brown-orange cap reaches 10 cm, and the creamy-red leg is very thick, with a darker mesh-like pattern in the upper part.

The gall mushroom is similar to the white one, but, unlike the latter, it always turns pink when broken.

Fragile touchy marsh gallerina

In the swampy areas of the forest, in the thickets of moss, you can find small mushrooms on a long thin stem - the marsh gallery. A breakable light yellow leg with a white ring at the top is easy to knock down even with a thin twig. Moreover, the mushroom is poisonous and you still cannot eat it. The gallerina's dark yellow hat is also fragile and watery. At a young age, it looks like a bell, but then straightens, leaving only a sharp bulge in the center.

This is not a complete list of poisonous mushrooms, in addition, there are still many false species, which are easy to confuse with edible ones. If you are not sure which mushroom is under your feet, please walk by. Better to make an extra circle in the forest or return home with an empty wallet than suffer from severe poisoning later. Be attentive, take care of your health and the health of people close to you!

Video about the most dangerous mushrooms for humans